Nearly every U.S. cell provider engages in throttling, also known as slowing service selectively, according to research from Northeastern University and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Researchers found throttling to be pervasive on video streaming apps. What’s more, cell carriers will throttle one streaming app on a user’s phone while leaving another alone, in violation of what has become known as “net neutrality.” That’s a nickname for Obama-era regulations that required internet providers to treat all online content the same.

The FCC voted to repeal net neutrality in late 2017. The repeal took effect in June of 2018, but researchers detected throttling of select apps before then.